Chasing gains with your race car? Improving aerodynamics can net some of the best bang-for-buck gains available — if you play your cards right. With so much misinformation out there, we speak with local aero expert Dave Higgins of Kinetic Sim to find out what works
Aerodynamics is the science of exploiting the airflow around your race car for downforce, reducing drag, and cooling. It’s a precision task that can pay huge dividends if you get it right, which is why the upper echelons of motorsport pay so much attention to it, with the likes of Formula 1, touring cars, and endurance teams devoting huge budgets and resources to it. But even at a grass-roots level, getting this right (without breaking the bank) can result in lasting and sizeable improvements to your lap times.
We’ve all heard that a race car like Rod Millen’s Celica should, theoretically, be able to drive upside down in a tunnel at, say, 200kph, with the only thing holding it to the roof of that theoretical tunnel the passing air acting on the vehicle’s aero devices. While driving upside down would be trick and all, imagine the effect that that level of downforce would have on your grip levels, thus, the possible speed that you could take a corner. This is where literal seconds can be slashed from a PB if you’re able to get the balance of you aerodynamic additions correct. However, this is where most come unstuck — in being able to test, or prove, the efficiency of their design. Unlike, say, engine upgrades, when a dyno will tell you the exact result of any change, without a wind tunnel or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis software (and the knowledge to run it), we’re really only guessing when it comes to aero, and must rely on the feedback from the driver’s seat. Just look at the current F1 front wing and how it changes over a season to get a picture of how exact this science is.
Another area in which this work can come in handy is designing your cooling package. The endurance racing R35 GT-R we featured back in Issue No. 235 saw huge gains after David ran the numbers: “For this car, we made a number of changes to their cooling layout, packaging, cooler sizes, and ducting to solve many cooling issues for engine temp, oil temp, gearbox temp, etc. We also made some minor changes to their front splitter, which netted them over a second in lap time and made the car reliable for temperature”
Despite the rise in popularity of aero in lower level motorsports such as Time Attack, in which wings, splitters, canards, diffusers, undertrays, and vents are now commonplace additions, few teams have yet engaged the likes of Kiwi aero engineer David Higgins to ensure that their chosen combination is efficient, effective, and making the most of their available budget. The cheapest way of ensuring whether that big wing you purchased off Alibaba is actually a credible design is to grab a book on aero design. David recommends two books as a starting point — Race Car Aerodynamics: Designing for Speed by Joseph Katz, and Competition Car Aerodynamics by Simon McBeath — each is available online at around the $50 mark and will give you a solid understanding to make informed aero additions.
One of the most common mistakes made, and the single biggest piece of advice that David likes to give to budding designers, is to design your package to suit not only your car but also your class rules. All too often, people fall into the trap of using the likes of Google to design aero combinations or borrowing designs from control classes like FIA GT3. “Professionally built race cars are typically built to a set of strict rules or balance of performance criteria. Many of the decisions made in their design are due to rules, and, in New Zealand, the classes we have are varied and don’t carry the same rule restrictions. You can certainly pick up design fundamentals and ideas from professionally built race cars, but, in terms of designing certain aerodynamic parts to mirror these cars, you may only be scratching the surface. Hence, it’s best to understand the local classes, rules, and where it’s best to concentrate for maximum performance within your budget,” David says.
Maximizing your aero package can start from as early as car selection. It doesn’t take a genius to figure out that starting with a Silvia rather than a Volvo is a huge step in the right direction. If you are beginning a new project, regardless of how long it will take to build and how many iterations of design it will end up going through, choosing the right base car to suit the rules and aerodynamic opportunities is key. We cannot stress how important this is. Just because you have a car or a shell sitting in the garage doesn’t mean that you should use that as your base. Do your homework at the start
This is something he is finding more and more of his customers are opting for: a push in the right direction with some mentoring/coaching so that you can design and construct yourself rather than a full design service — in the same way that you might have an engine builder do all the machine work then take over yourself to do the final assembly. Getting advice on choosing the right wing element or designing your diffuser is a common route to take. All too often, these are poorly designed — in the most extreme cases, the lift generated can make the car unstable and slow it down, or the parts added can make the car heavier; produce inefficient downforce; or, in many cases, generate more drag. A piece of alloy or ACM protruding out from the front of your bumper is an extremely common addition, but it is not going to be an effective aero device, as it will cause airflow separation on the leading edge, leaving a large pocket of low pressure underneath and blocking air from flowing under the car.
One of David’s most successful automotive projects to date is Andy Duffin’s FD RX-7, which utilized CFD analysis. “We had four months (including build time) to transform the 3 Rotor Racing FD RX-7 from what was essentially an SS2000 car to a WTAC [World Time Attack Challenge] Open Class car,” David told us. “We carried out a basic CFD analysis using an online-purchased CAD model and designed a new front undertray/splitter, bonnet, front guards, side skirts, [and] rear diffuser, and selected a rear wing top [for] which we designed our own end plates. In the first test, having never driven with aero, Andy was three seconds a lap faster, with more to come.”
As you can see, a CFD model shows in great detail how the air interacts with your car’s body. You’ll be amazed at the difference even one degree of attack-angle change can make to the performance of the part or the next part that the air will come into contact with — It shows how easy it is to get it wrong
CFD replaces the need for a wind tunnel, which is good, as there are no full-size tunnels in little old New Zealand anyway. To conduct CFD analysis, you need a CAD model of your car, which can be produced by scanning your actual race car, or the cheaper option, as they did with Duffin’s FD, is to purchase a pre-drawn CAD surface model, of which many are available online.
These CAD models are not dimensionally the same as an actual car, but, if they are used for the external upper surfaces only, they can save a lot of time/money. The surface models then have all the detail added, including inside the guards, under the bonnet, the radiators, under the floor, the wheels, and the suspension. Basically, the more detail that is added in, the more accurate the analysis will be. Once the CAD is completed, it’s then over to the complicated and time-consuming work of CFD analysis, which tests each part that you’re thinking of adding and how it will work as part of the entire package. Doing this allows you to easily make changes to things such as the angle of your wing, the shape of your end plate, or even the ride height. If this were done in a wind tunnel, you’d need to have prototyped any parts that you want to tweak and be swapping and adjusting them on the fly, which, when you’re paying by the hour for a tunnel, can soon mount up your costs. As with CFD, you’ll only produce something once a design has been finalized, and, at this stage, a CAD drawing can be sent out for the part to be CNC’d or constructed from measurements (taken by hand).
The incredible full-carbon Evo of Mick Sigsworth is a current work-in-progress, having its new splitter/undertray and rear diffuser designed by Dave. This was a large-budget project that saw a full 3D scan of the body made. The new parts are currently under construction, with a set for the WTAC Pro-Am Class and a narrow set for door-to-door racing
This type of design work does come at a cost, but it’s a fraction of the actual cost of producing the parts, as David states: “If you have neglected the cost of designing properly, then you have wasted a heap of money. It is always going to cost X-amount to construct a new body, splitter, wing, etc., but if you don’t spend the time and [seek] expertise before making it, then you have wasted a massive opportunity. In most cases, we work in the 80:20 space, where we try to get 80 per cent of the gain with 20 per cent of the normal budget for an overseas, professional-style development. We are trying our best to educate local grass-roots motorsport [about] … the benefits of proper design and make this style of development — whether your budget is CFD analysis or not — affordable to local motorsport. For the cost of a few sets of tyres and some basic fabrication/composites, you can get permanent lap-time gains. Throwing tyres at a car will only help you for a few laps.”
Over the next few issues, we will delve a little deeper into a few key areas with David and lay down some basic knowledge, in the hope that we all can get our cars running a little faster at the track.
This article originally appeared in NZ Performance Car issue No. 259 — to get your hands ona copy click the cover below
